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Apr 18, 2025Open Access
The Goldman Hodgkin and Katz equation (GHK) is regarded as a cornerstone in the field of biology. The GHK equation expands upon Bernstein’s hypothesis. Bernstein had originally employed the Nernst equation to validate his theory. Consequently, the GHK equation is also logically derived from the Nernst equation. Contemporary understanding in chemistry and electrochemistry conclusively indicates that the GHK equation contains fundamental flaws, as it deviates from the primary intent of the Nernst ...
Sep 06, 2024Open Access
This study presents a numerical simulation methodology for investigating blood flow in veins and arteries using a computational approach. The simulation is based on the Navier-Stokes equations, discretization techniques, and finite difference methods. The aim of this research is to provide insights into the behavior of blood flow under simplified conditions, enabling a better understanding of the underlying fluid dynamics. The methodology incorporates steady-state flow assumptions and a 2D geome...
Jul 31, 2024Open Access
This study compared Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and Optical Motion Capture (OMC) systems in measuring peak ankle angles and Range of Motion (ROM) during Countermovement Jumps (CMJ) and Lateral Skater Jumps (LSJ). Data during these agility movements were analyzed and the ankle angles in pitch, roll, and yaw for the IMU were determined using algorithms which integrated gyroscope data, aligned it with foot flat reference, and fused it with accelerometer-derived inclination angles using a comple...
Mar 01, 2024Open Access
Biological systems are necessarily dissipative structures in the long run, and dissipative structures are far from equilibrium and homeostasis: order (periodicity) and disorder (non-linear variability) are “ coexisting dynamic states”. The common epistemological habit of modern molecular biology is to reduce an observed phenotype or function to a molecular entity, such as a gene, protein or pathway, which have become the embodiment of causation in biology. In the emerging framework of ge...
Mar 29, 2023Open Access
The effect of centimeter waves of non-thermal level on four types of bacteria has been studied. On E. coli strains, a sharp increase in survival during the first cycle of cell division was obtained. The mechanism of inhibition of pathogenic bacteria by a weak electromagnetic field is explained. The mechanism of stimulating the survival of bacteria associated with the activation of genes that reduces the number of dying bacteria is explained. The general form of the modified Ferhulst equat...
May 30, 2022Open Access
The analysis of the results of irradiation of DNA isolated from lymphocytes by an ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic field was carried out. The natural frequency of torsional vibrations of the spirals of collagen molecules was found. It is proved theoretically that single-strand breaks in the DNA of lymphocytes by microwaves are caused by torsional vibrations of the helices of DNA molecules whose natural frequencies coincide with the frequencies of microwaves, and the resonant frequencies have ...
May 18, 2022Open Access
The human immune system relies on the dynamic, complex integration of various cells, proteins, tissues, and organs which work together in concert with the nervous system to recognize, adapt to, and neutralize pathogens. In parallel, there is a neurobiological network of systems which function to react and adapt to changes in the environment to restore and maintain homeostasis in the service of survival. Our dependency on the stability and resilience of this collective ecosystem of responses is a...
Mar 25, 2022Open Access
The objective of the study is to detect the resonant absorption of an ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic field in the centimeter range by DNA molecules at a frequency corresponding to the natural frequency of torsional vibrations of the DNA helix. Instead of DNA solution, cultures of various bacteria containing DNA were used, for whose DNA spirals the resonant frequencies of torsional vibrations were calculated. The cultures were placed in test tubes or cuvette and irradiated by microwave gener...
Jan 20, 2022Open Access
Liquid-liquid equilibrium data for aqueous biphasic system formed by polyethylene glycol (PEG)/sodium citrate (C6H5O7Na3)/water (H2O) were determined at 298.15 K, respectively. Binodal data were correlated using a four- parameter equation. The effect of the molecular weight of PEG (1500, 3000, 6000) on the binodal curves was investigated, and it was found that the two-phase region expands with an increase in the molecular weight of PEG. The effects of some monohydric (methanol, ethanol, propanol...
Jan 18, 2022Open Access
Purpose: Mounting evidence supports the implementation of neuromuscular training (NMT) interventions to improve biomechanical profiles for prevention of musculoskeletal injury in dynamic pivoting athletes. Research has demonstrated there is a clear link between functional movement behavior and vulnerability to injury. However, there is limited research examining the capacity of NMT to positively influence pathomechanical movement behavior. This investigation assessed the strength, balance, and f...
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