全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用：99美元
投递稿件

查看量下载量

An Overview of Informal WEEE Management in MTN Phone Village, Rumukurushi, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1112077, PP. 1-37

Subject Areas: Environmental Sciences

Keywords: Waste, WEEE Management, Informal, Environment

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract

In developing nations, the informal sector is frequently used for the management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), which presents serious threats to human health and the environment. This study carried out an overview of the informal WEEE management system adopted in MTN Phone Village in Rumukurushi, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, the associated problems, and measures to address the problems. This study highlights several issues by investigating how WEEE is currently collected, stored, disassembled, sorted, recycled, and disposed of. These issues include serious health concerns for workers, environmental contamination, financial limitations, and regulatory inadequacies. The results emphasise the necessity for more awareness, better infrastructure, stronger regulations, and financial incentives to transition informal recyclers into the formal economy. The study proposed the restriction of the activities of informal recyclers to WEEE collection only, coupled with the application of the Just-in-time lean management principles. By tackling these problems, the study hopes to provide long-term solutions that lessen the negative effects of informal WEEE disposal, eventually safeguarding the environment and public health. The outcomes of the study identified a research gap in the field. It also contributes to the existing knowledge in the field of specialisation. Furthermore, the study recommended, restricting the activities of informal recyclers to WEEE collection coupled with the adoption of the Just-in-time (JIT) lean management principles to the current WEEE management system in the location and other areas faced with similar challenges.

 Cite this paper

Okwu, O. , Viza, E. , Hursthouse, A. and Idoko, L. (2025). An Overview of Informal WEEE Management in MTN Phone Village, Rumukurushi, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Open Access Library Journal, 12, e2077. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1112077.

References

[1]  Shahabuddin, M., Nur Uddin, M., Chowdhury, J.I., Ahmed, S.F., et al. (2023) A Review of the Recent Development, Chal-lenges, and Opportunities of Electronic Waste (E-Waste). International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20, 4513-4520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04274-w
[2]  Dogbatsey, L., Obour, P.B., Barima, A.O. and Schandorf, C. (2023) Review of the Health and Safety Awareness of E-Waste Management Activities at Two Sites in the Ac-cra Metropolitan Area, Ghana. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 10, 374-386. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.10.1.0727
[3]  Dogbatsey, L., Barima, A.O., Yandam, R. and Schandorf, C. (2024) Assessment of the Health and Safety Culture at the E-Waste Facilities at the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area of Ghana. In-ternational Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VIII, 530-542. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.805040
[4]  Okwu, O., Hursthouse, A., Viza, E. and Idoko, L. (2022) New Models to Reduce the Health Risks of Informal WEEE Recyclers in MTN Phone Village, Rumukurushi, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Toxics, 10, Article 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020084
[5]  Shittu, O.S., Williams, I.D. and Shaw, P.J. (2021) Global E-Waste Management: Can WEEE Make a Difference? A Review of E-Waste Trends, Legislation, Contemporary Issues and Future Challenges. Waste Management, 120, 549-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.016
[6]  Okwu, O., Viza, E., Hursthouse, A. and Idoko, L. (2022) Menace of Informal Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Recycling at MTN Phone Village, Rumukurushi, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20, 9745-9756. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04663-1
[7]  Konya, R.S., Babatunde, B.B. and Iniefe, D. (2015) Assessment of E-Waste Status in Port Harcourt City and Its Environs. Environmental Sciences, 3, 45-66. https://doi.org/10.12988/es.2015.521
[8]  Kalamaras, G., Kloukinioti, M., Antonopoulou, M., et al. (2021) The Potential Risk of Electronic Waste Disposal into Aquatic Media: The Case of Personal Computer Motherboards. Toxics, 9, Article 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9070166
[9]  Danz, P., Aryan, V., Möhle, E. and Nowara, N. (2019) Experimental Study on Fluorine Release from Photovoltaic Backsheet Materials Containing PVF and PVDF during Pyrolysis and Incineration in a Technical Lab-Scale Reactor at Various Temperatures. Toxics, 7, Article 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics7030047
[10]  Amadi, A.I. and Chijioke, A.K. (2018) Economic and Environmental Sus-tainability of Informal Sector Recycling of Construction and Demolition Waste in Nigeria. AASCIT Journal of Environment, 3, 1-10.
[11]  Ohajinwa, C.M., Van Bodegom, P.M., Vijver, M.G. and Peijnenburg, W.J.G.M. (2017) Health Risks Awareness of Electronic Waste Workers in the Informal Sector in Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, Article 911. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080911
[12]  Leung, A.O.W., Duzgoren-Aydin, N.S., Cheung, K.C. and Wong, M.H. (2008) Heavy Metals Concentrations of Surface Dust from E-Waste Recycling and Its Human Health Implications in Southeast China. Environmental Science & Technology, 42, 2674-2680. https://doi.org/10.1021/es071873x
[13]  Starovoytova, D. (2018) Solid Waste Management (SWM) at a University Cam-pus (Part 1/10): Comprehensive-Review on Legal Framework and Background to Waste Management, at a Global Context. Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences, 8, 68-116.
[14]  Mihai, F., Gnoni, M.-G., Meidiana, C., Ezeah, C. and Elia, V. (2019) Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE): Flows, Quantities and Management, a Global Scenario. In: Pra-sad, M.N.V. and Vithanage, M., Eds., Electronic Waste Management and Treatment Technology, Elsevier Inc., 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816190-6.00001-7
[15]  Awere, E., Obeng, P.A., Bonoli, A. and Obeng, P.A. (2020) E-Waste Recycling and Public Exposure to Organic Compounds in Developing Countries: A Review of Recycling Practices and Toxicity Levels in Ghana. Environmental Technology Reviews, 9, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2020.1714749
[16]  Bi, X., Thomas, G.O., Jones, K.C., et al. (2007) Exposure of Elec-tronics Dismantling Workers to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, and Qrganochlorine Pesticides in South China. Environmental Science & Technology, 41, 5647-5653. https://doi.org/10.1021/es070346a
[17]  Bimir, M.N. (2020) Revisiting E-Waste Management Practices in Selected African Countries. Journal of the Air & Waste Manage-ment Association, 70, 659-669. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2020.1769769
[18]  Kitila, A.W. and Woldemikael, S.M. (2019) Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Management in the Educational Institutions and Governmental Sec-tor Offices of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Waste Management, 85, 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.12.007
[19]  Mihai, F.-C. and Gnoni, M.-G. (2017) E-Waste Management as a Global Challenge (Introductory Chapter). E-Waste in Transition-From Pollution to Resource, 14, 1-18.
[20]  Zhu, M., Shen, M.J., Liang, X.X., et al. (2021) Identification of Environmental Liquid-Crystal Monomers: A Class of New Persistent Organic Pollutants-Fluorinated Biphenyls and Analogues—Emitted from E-Waste Dismantling. Environmental Science & Technology, 55, 5984-5992. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c00112
[21]  Needhidasan, S., Samuel, M. and Chidambaram, R. (2014) Electronic Waste—An Emerging Threat to the Environment of Urban India. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 12, Article No. 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-336X-12-36
[22]  Forti, V., Baldé, C.P., Kuehr, R. and Bel, G. (2020) The Global E-Waste Monitor 2020: Quantities, Flows, and the Circular Economy Potential. http://ewastemonitor.info/
[23]  Mostafa, T.M. and Sarhan, D.S. (2018) Economic Feasibility Study of E-Waste Recycling Facility in Egypt. Joint Journal of Novel Carbon Resource Sciences & Green Asia Strategy, 5, 26-35. https://doi.org/10.5109/1936214
[24]  Ciftci, M. and Cicek, B. (2017) E-Waste: A Review of CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Recycling. Research & Reviews: Journal of Material Sciences, 5, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.4172/2321-6212.1000170
[25]  Lecler, M.T., Zimmermann, F., Silvente, E., Clerc, F., Chollot, A. and Grosjean, J. (2015) Exposure to Hazardous Substances in Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Recycling Sites in France. Waste Man-agement, 39, 226-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.02.027
[26]  Ledwaba, P. and Sosibo, N. (2017) Cathode Ray Tube Recycling in South Africa. Recycling, 2, Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling2010004
[27]  Xu, Q. Yu, M. Kendall, A., He, W., Li, G. and Schoenung, J.M. (2016) Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Funnel Glass Waste Management Options in the United States. In: Kirchain, R.E., Blanpain, B., et al., Eds., REWAS 2016 to-wards Materials Resource Sustainability, Springer, 309-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48768-7_48
[28]  Ali, M.H.H. and Al-Qahtani, K.M. (2012) Assessment of Some Heavy Metals in Vegetables, Cereals and Fruits in Saudi Arabian Markets. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 38, 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2012.08.002
[29]  Ismičić-Tanjo, D., Huremović, J., Selović, A. and šehović, E. (2021) Hu-man Health Risk Assessment of Mercury in Soil-Plants System. International Journal of Environmental Research, 15, 797-805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-021-00357-7
[30]  Natasha, Shahid, M., Khalid, S., Bibi, I., et al. (2020) A Critical Review of Mercury Speciation, Bioavailability, Toxicity and Detoxification in Soil-Plant Environment: Ecotoxicology and Health Risk Assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 711, Article 134749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134749
[31]  Ahen, F. and Amankwah-Amoah, J. (2021) Sustainable Waste Management Innovations in Africa: New Perspectives and Research Agenda for Improving Global Health. Sustainability, 13, Article 6646. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126646
[32]  Gebeyehu, H.R. and Bayissa, L.D. (2020) Levels of Heavy Metals in Soil and Vegetables and Associated Health Risks in Mojo Area, Ethiopia. PLOS ONE, 15, e0227883. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227883
[33]  Zhou, H., Yang, W.-T., Zhou, X., et al. (2016) Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Vegetable Species Planted in Contaminated Soils and the Health Risk Assessment. International Journal of Envi-ronmental Research and Public Health, 13, Article 289. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030289
[34]  Attia, Y., Soori, P.K. and Ghaith, F. (2021) Analysis of Households’ E-Waste Awareness, Disposal Behavior, and Estimation of Potential Waste Mobile Phones towards an Effective E-Waste Management System in Dubai. Toxics, 9, Article 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9100236
[35]  Clemens, S. (2006) Toxic Metal Accumulation, Responses to Exposure and Mechanisms of Tolerance in Plants. Biochimie, 88, 1707-1719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2006.07.003
[36]  Nagajyoti, P.C., Lee, K.D. and Sreekanth, T.V.M. (2010) Heavy Metals, Occurrence and Toxicity for Plants: A Review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 8, 199-216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-010-0297-8
[37]  Omorogieva, O.M. and Tonjoh, J.A. (2020) Bioavailability of Heavy Metal Load in Soil, Groundwater, and Food Crops Manihot Esculenta and Carica papaya in Dumpsite Environment. Interna-tional Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 17, 4853-4864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02812-y
[38]  Sagbara, G., Zabbey, N., Sam, K. and Nwipie, G.N. (2020) Heavy Metal Concentration in Soil and Maize (Zea mays L.) in Partially Reclaimed Refuse Dumpsite ‘Borrow-Pit’ in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 18, Article 100745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.100745
[39]  George, F., Mapa, M.T. and Dinggai, S.A. (2019) IOP CoPreliminary Study on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Man-agement by Households in the Kota Kinabalu City. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 286 Article 012023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/286/1/012023
[40]  Hossain, R., Nekouei, R.K., Mansuri, I. and Sahajwalla, V. (2019) Sustainable Recovery of Cu and Sn from Problematic Global Waste: Exploring Value from Waste Printed Circuit Boards. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 7, 1006-1017. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b04657
[41]  Hsu, E., Durning, C.J., West, A.C. and Park, A.H.A. (2021) En-hanced Extraction of Copper from Electronic Waste via Induced Morphological Changes Using Supercritical CO2. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 168, Article 105296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105296
[42]  Li, Z., Diaz, L.A., Yang, Z.Y., et al. (2019) Comparative Life Cycle Analysis for Value Recovery of Precious Metals and Rare Earth Ele-ments from Electronic Waste. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 149, 20-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.05.025
[43]  Tanısalı, E., özer, M. and Burat, F. (2020) Precious Metals Recov-ery from Waste Printed Circuit Boards by Gravity Separation and Leaching. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 42, 24-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2020.1795849
[44]  Wang, Z., Zhang, B. and Guan, D. (2016) Take Responsibility for Electronic-Waste Disposal. Nature Publishing Group.
[45]  Wang, J., Chen, S.Y., Zeng, X.F., et al. (2021) Recovery of High Purity Copper from Waste Printed Circuit Boards of Mobile Phones by Slurry Electrolysis with Ammonia-Ammonium System. Separation and Purification Technology, 275, Article 119180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119180
[46]  Zhang, K., Schnoor, J.L. and Zeng, E.Y. (2012) E-Waste Recycling: Where Does It Go from Here? Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 10861-10867. https://doi.org/10.1021/es303166s
[47]  Cole, C., Gnanapragasam, A., Cooper, T. and Singh, J. (2019) An Assessment of Achievements of the WEEE Directive in Promoting Movement Up the Waste Hierarchy: Experiences in the UK. Waste Man-agement, 87, 417-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.01.046
[48]  Ferronato, N. and Torretta, V. (2019) Waste Mismanagement in Developing Countries: A Review of Global Issues. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, Article 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061060
[49]  Shah Khan, S., Aziz Lodhi, S., Akhtar, F. and Khokar, I. (2014) Challenges of Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE): Toward a Better Management in a Global Scenario. Management of Environmental Quality, 25, 166-185. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-12-2012-0077
[50]  Lawal, S. (2020) Nigeria Has Become an E-Waste Dumpsite for Europe, US and Asia. Trtworld. https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/nigeria-has-become-an-e-waste-dumpsite-for-europe-us-and-asia-24197
[51]  Ade-ola, F.O. (2018) 2-WEEE Generation and the Consequences of Its Improper Disposal. In: Vegliò, F. and Birloaga, I., Eds., Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Recycling, Woodhead Publishing, 13-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102057-9.00002-0
[52]  (2024) Global Waste Management Outlook 2024. United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org/ietc/resources/report/global-waste-management-outlook-2024
[53]  Dagiliūtė, R., Zabulionis, D., Sujetovienė, G. and žaltauskaitė, J. (2019) Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment: Trends and Awareness among Youths in Lithuania. Waste Management & Research, 37, 95-101. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X18806999
[54]  Sarkhoshkalat, M.M., Afkham, A., Manesh, M.B. and Sarkhosh, M. (2024) Circular Economy and the Recycling of E-Waste. In: Kasinathan, K., Ladchumananandasivam, R. and Mohamed, S.B., Eds., New Technologies for Energy Transition Based on Sustainable Development Goals, Springer, 319-354. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2527-4_16
[55]  Twagirayezu, G., Irumva, O., Huang, K., et al. (2022) Environmen-tal Effects of Electrical and Electronic Waste on Water and Soil: A Review. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 31, 2507-2525. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/144194
[56]  Palaniandy, P., Yusoff, M.S., Wang, L.K. and Wang, M.-H.S. (2022) Electronic and Electrical Equipment Waste Disposal. In: Wang, L.K., Wang, M.H.S. and Hung, Y.T., Eds., Solid Waste Engineering and Management, Handbook of Environmental Engineering, 115-161. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96989-9_3
[57]  Jayasiri, G., Herat, S. and Kaparaju, P. (2023) Management of Small WEEE: Future Directions for Australia. Sustainability, 15, Article 13543. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813543
[58]  Fadaei, A. (2022) E-Waste Management Status Worldwide: Major Challenges and Solutions. Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 12, 281-293. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/piaees/online-version.asp
[59]  Van Yken, J., Boxall, N.J., Cheng, K.Y., et al. (2021) E-Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery: A Review on Technologies, Barriers and Enablers with a Focus on Oce-ania. Metals, 11, Article 1313. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11081313
[60]  Mudali, U.K., Patil, M., Saravanabhavan, R. and Saraswat, V.K. (2021) Review on E-Waste Recycling: Part I—A Prospective Urban Mining Opportunity and Challenges. Transactions of the Indian National Academy of Engineering, 6, 547-568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41403-021-00216-z
[61]  Chaine, C., Hursthouse, A.S., McLean, B., et al. (2022) Recycling Plas-tics from WEEE: A Review of the Environmental and Human Health Challenges Associated with Brominated Flame Retard-ants. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, Article 766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020766
[62]  Botle, A., Salgaonkar, S., Tiwari, R., Barabde, G. and Herlekar, M. (2024) Circular Waste Management System and Greenhouse Gases Reduction. In: Kumar, V., Bhat, S.A., Kumar, S. and Verma, P., Eds., Environmental Engineering and Waste Management, Springer, 649-684. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58441-1_22
[63]  Wu, S., Kaden, N. and Dröder, K. (2023) A Systematic Review on Lithium-Ion Battery Disassembly Processes for Efficient Recycling. Batteries, 9, Article 297. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060297
[64]  Corder, G.D., Golev, A. and Giurco, D. (2015) “Wealth from Metal Waste”: Translating Global Knowledge on Industrial Ecology to Metals Recycling in Australia. Minerals Engineering, 76, 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2014.11.004
[65]  Xavier, L.H., Ottoni, M. and Abreu, L.P.P. (2023) A Comprehensive Review of Urban Mining and the Value Recovery from E-Waste Materials. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 190, Arti-cle 106840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106840
[66]  Hodgkinson, S. and Schoeman, T. (2021) E-Waste Recycling Behaviour: A Case Study of the City of Johannesburg. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371508364
[67]  Ryan-Fogarty, Y., Baldé, C.P., Wagner, M. and Fitzpatrick, C. (2023) Uncaptured Mercury Lost to the Environment from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in Scrap Metal and Municipal Wastes. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 191, Article 106881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.106881
[68]  Ioannidis, M. (2024) Reducing Waste in Warehouse Operations through EWM System Optimization: A Case Study of SAP-Enabled Solutions. Πανεπιστήμιο Πειραιώς.
[69]  Airaksinen, J.-P. (2023) Effect of Recycling Packaging Materials in Finnish Organizations. LAB University of Applied Sciences. https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/800959/ Airaksinen%20Juho.pdf?sequence=2
[70]  Ali, S. and Shirazi, F. (2023) The Paradigm of Circular Economy and an Effective Electronic Waste Management. Sustainability, 15, Article 1998. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031998
[71]  Fontana, A., Barni, A., Leone. D., et al. (2021) Circular Economy Strate-gies for Equipment Lifetime Extension: A Systematic Review. Sustainability, 13, Article 1117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031117
[72]  Ramasubramanian, B., Tan, J., Chellappan, V. and Ramakrishna, S. (2023) Recent Advances in Extended Producer Responsibility Initiatives for Plastic Waste Management in Germany and UK. Mate-rials Circular Economy, 5, Article No. 6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42824-023-00076-8
[73]  Chaine, C., Hursthouse, A.S., McLellan, I., Viza, E. and Miller, J. (2023) The Challenge of Plastic Management for Waste Electrical and Electric Equipment Recycling in the Global South: A Case Comparison between Europe and Latin America. Recycling, 8, Article 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling8050071
[74]  Menikpura, S.N.M., Santo, A. and Hotta, Y. (2014) Assessing the Climate Co-Benefits from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Recycling in Japan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 74, 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.040
[75]  Lu, B., Song, X., Yang, J. and Yang, D. (2017) Comparison on End-of-Life Strategies of WEEE in China Based on LCA. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 11, Article No. 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-017-0994-7
[76]  Song, Q. and Li, J. (2015) A Review on Human Health Consequences of Metals Exposure to E-Waste in China. Environmental Pollution, 196, 450-461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.004
[77]  Ardi, R. and Leisten, R. (2016) Assessing the Role of Informal Sector in WEEE Management Systems: A System Dynamics Approach. Waste Management, 57, 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.038
[78]  Dwivedy, M. and Mittal, R.K. (2010) Estimation of Future Outflows of E-Waste in India. Waste Management, 30, 483-491.
[79]  Singh, N., Li, J. and Zeng, X. (2016) Solutions and Challenges in Recycling Waste Cathode-Ray Tubes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 188-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.132
[80]  Ongondo, F.O., Williams, I.D. and Keynes, S. (2011) Estimating the Impact of the “Digital Switchover” on Disposal of WEEE at Household Waste Recycling Centres in England. Waste Manage-ment, 31, 743-753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.11.005
[81]  Chancerel, P., Rotter, V.S., Ueberschaar, M., Marwede, M., Nissen, N.F. and Lang, K.-D. (2013) Data Availability and the Need for Research to Localize, Quantify and Recycle Critical Metals in Information Technology, Telecommunication and Consumer Equipment. Waste Management & Research, 31, 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X13499814
[82]  Yu, J., Williams, E., Ju, M. and Shao, C. (2010) Managing E-Waste in China: Policies, Pilot Projects and Alternative Approaches. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54, 991-999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.02.006
[83]  GAP Group (2020) Your Guide to Categories of WEEE. https://gapgroupuk.com/resources/latest-news/your-guide-to-categories-of-weee/
[84]  WEEE (2020) 10 Categories of Electrical and Electronic Equipment Covered by WEEE Directive. http://weeeregistry.com/categories-of-electrical-and-electronic-equipment-covered-by-WEEE-directive.html
[85]  Kumar, A. and Dixit, G. (2018) An Analysis of Barriers Affecting the Implementation of E-Waste Management Practices in India: A Novel ISM-DEMATEL Approach. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 14, 36-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2018.01.002
[86]  Chancerel, P. and Rotter, S. (2009) Recycling-Oriented Characterization of Small Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment. Waste Management, 29, 2336-2352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.04.003
[87]  Iwenwanne, V. (2019) Nigeria’s E-Waste Mountain. https://resource.co/article/nigerias-e-waste-mountain
[88]  Ongondo, F.O., Williams, I.D. and Cherrett, T.J. (2011) How Are WEEE Doing? A Global Review of the Management of Electrical and Electronic Wastes. Waste Management, 31, 714-730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.10.023
[89]  Salhofer, S. and Tesar, M. (2011) Assessment of Removal of Components Containing Hazardous Substances from Small WEEE in Austria. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186, 1481-1488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.030
[90]  Birloaga, I., De Michelis, I., Ferella, F., Buzatu, M. and Vegliò, F. (2013) Study on the Influence of Various Factors in the Hydrometallurgical Processing of Waste Printed Circuit Boards for Copper and Gold Recovery. Waste Management, 33, 935-941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.01.003
[91]  Fu, F. and Wang, Q. (2011) Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewaters: A Review. Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 407-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.011
[92]  Grant, K., Goldizen, F.C., Sly, P.P.D., et al. (2013) Health Conse-quences of Exposure to E-Waste: A Systematic Review. The Lancet Global Health, 1, E350-E361. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70101-3
[93]  Kaya, M. (2016) Recovery of Metals and Nonmetals from Elec-tronic Waste by Physical and Chemical Recycling Processes. Waste Management, 57, 64-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.08.004
[94]  Suwanda, S. (2023) Implementation of Just-in-Time (JIT) Policy in Increasing Production Efficiency of Manufacturing Companies. Journal Arbitrase: Economy, Management and Accounting, 1, 61-69. http://paspama.org/index.php/Arbitrase/article/view/73
[95]  Zensimu (2024) The Principles of Just in Time (JIT). https://zensimu.com/skills/just-in-time/
[96]  Lara, A.C., Menegon, E.M.P., Sehnem, S. and Kuzma, E. (2022) Rela-tionship between Just in Time, Lean Manufacturing, and Performance Practices: A Meta-Analysis. Gestão & Produção, 29, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9649-2022v29e9021
[97]  Demir, S. and Paksoy, T. (2023) Just-in-Time and Lean Management. In: Paksoy, T. and Deveci, M., Eds., Smart and Sustainable Operations and Supply Chain Management in In-dustry 4.0, CRC Press, 223-236. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003180302-11
[98]  Siddiqui, A. (2022) The Importance of Just in Time (JIT) Methodology and Its Advantages in Health Care Quality Management Business—A Scoping Review. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 42, 33317-33325. https://doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2022.42.006701
[99]  Okwu, O., Hursthouse, A., Viza, E. and Idoko, L. (2021) Enhance-ment of WEEE Management Practices in MTN Phone Village, Rumukurushi, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Recycling, 6, Article 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling6040077
[100]  Yang, J., Xie, H., Yu, G. and Liu, M. (2021) Achieving a Just-in-Time Sup-ply Chain: The Role of Supply Chain Intelligence. International Journal of Production Economics, 231, Article 107878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107878
[101]  Allers, T. (2024) Just in Time (JIT) Inventory: A Comprehensive Guide. https://intuendi.com/resource-center/just-in-time/
[102]  Ikhlayel, M. (2018) An Integrated Approach to Establish E-Waste Management Systems for Developing Countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 170, 119-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.137
[103]  Rimantho, D., Syaiful, S., Nurfaida and Sulandari, U. (2022) Electron-ic Waste Bank Model as a Solution for Implementing Circular Economy: Case Study DKI Jakarta-Indonesia. Frontiers in Built Environment, 8, Article 1030196. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2022.1030196
[104]  Ogbuanya, T.C. and Afeez, Y.S. (2019) Advancing Electronic Waste Management Techniques among Electrical/Electronic Technicians’ Workshops for Sus-tainable Healthy Society. Insights in Mining Science & Technology, 1, 90-104.
[105]  Juma, N.S., Samali, M., Judith, A. and Ibrahim, N.A. (2022) Towards a Sustainable Electronic Waste Management in Uganda: A stakeholder Perspective. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16, 238-251. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST2021.3088
[106]  Arya, S., Gupta, A. and Bhardwaj, A. (2018) Electronic Waste Management Approaches-A Pilot Study in Northern Indian States. In-ternational Journal of Waste Resources, 8, 1-5.
[107]  Woggsborg, A. and Schröder, P. (2019) Nigeria’s E-Waste Manage-ment: Extended Producer Responsibility and Informal Sector Inclusion. Journal of Waste Resources and Recycling, 1, Article 102. https://doi.org/10.15744/2766-5887.1.102
[108]  Maphosa, V. and Maphosa, M. (2020) E-Waste Management in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Literature Review. Cogent Business & Management, 7, Article 1814503. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1814503
[109]  Ndunda, H.K. and Ambole, L.A. (2018) Product-Service Systems Design for E-Waste Management: A Case Study of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Centre in Nairobi County. Proceedings of the 2nd Innovation Research Symposium, 6 March 2018, Nairobi, 73-81. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249178210 
[110]  Donny, A. and Suzianti, A. (2022) Development of User Interface Design for Electronic Waste Collection with a Design Thinking Approach. Proceedings of the 7th North American International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Orlando, 12-14 June 2022, 1636-1646.
[111]  Aidonis, D., Achillas, C., Folinas, D., Keramydas, C. and Tsolakis, N. (2019) Decision Support Model for Evaluating Alternative Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Management Schemes—A Case Study. Sustainability, 11, Article 3364. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123364
[112]  Mehmood Shad, K., Ling, S.T.Y. and Karim, M.E. (2020) Com-parative Study on E-waste Management and the Role of the Basel Convention in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia: A Way Forward. Indonesia Law Review, 10, Article 5. https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v10n1.596
[113]  Franz, N.M. and Luiz Da Silva, C. (2022) Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE): Global and Contemporary Challenge to Production Chains and the Urban Environment. Gestão & Produção, 29, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9649-2022v29e6621
[114]  Parajuly, K., et al. (2019) Future E-Waste Scenarios. 1-34. https://www.unep.org/ietc/resources/publication/future-e-waste-scenarios 
[115]  D’Adamo, I., Rosa, P. and Terzi, S. (2016) Challenges in Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Management: A Profitability Assessment in Three Euro-pean Countries. Sustainability, 8, Article 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8070633
[116]  Bhutta, M.K.S., Omar, A. and Yang, X. (2011) Electronic Waste: A Growing Concernin in Today’s Environment. Economics Research International, 2011, Article 474230. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/474230
[117]  Step, I. (2020) What Is E-Waste. http://www.step-initiative.org/e-waste-challenge.html
[118]  Khan, S.S., Lodhi, S.A., Akhtar, F. and Khokar, I. (2014) Chal-lenges of Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE): Toward a Better Management in a Global Scenario. Manage-ment of Environmental Quality, 25, 166-185. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-12-2012-0077
[119]  Chung, S., Lau, K. and Zhang, C. (2011) Generation of and Control Measures for, E-Waste in Hong Kong SAR. Waste Management, 31, 544-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.10.003
[120]  Zoeteman, B.C.J., Krikke, H.R. and Venselaar, J. (2010) Handling WEEE Waste Flows: On the Effectiveness of Producer Responsibility in a Globalizing World. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 47, 415-436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-009-2358-3
[121]  Kumar Verma, A. and Prakash, S. (2023) Impact of COVID-19 on Environment and society. Journal of Global Biosciences, 9, 7352-7363.
[122]  Marinoni, G., Van’T Land, H. and Jensen, T. (2020) The Impact of Covid-19 on Higher Education. https://ihe.bc.edu/pub/bynpvaze
[123]  UK Research and Innovation (2023) Survey Findings of the Impact of COVID-19 on Researchers. https://www.ukri.org/news/survey-findings-of-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-researchers/
[124]  Song, N., McLellan, I., Liu, W., Wang, Z. and Hursthouse, A. (2021) The Waste Ban in China: What Happened Next? Assessing the Impact of New Policies on the Waste Management Sector in China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 45, 1117-1131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01101-y
[125]  Katz, C. (2019) Piling Up: How China’s Ban on Importing Waste Has Stalled Global Recycling. Yale School of the Environment. https://e360.yale.edu/features/piling-up-how-chinas-ban-on-importing-waste-has-stalled-global-recycling
[126]  Zhang, Q. (2021) China’s Policy and Finding Ways to Prevent Collapse in WEEE Processing in the Context of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. International Environmental Agree-ments: Politics, Law and Economics, 21, 693-710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-021-09540-9
[127]  Zuo, L., Wang, C. and Sun, Q. (2020) Sustaining WEEE Collection Business in China: The Case of Online to Offline (O2O) Development Strate-gies. Waste Management, 101, 222-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.008
[128]  Citizens Information (2020) Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/environment/waste-and-recycling/weee/
[129]  Annamalai, J. (2015) Occupational Health Hazards Related to Informal Recycling of E-Waste in India: An overview. Indian Journal of Occupational and Envi-ronmental Medicine, 19, 61-65. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5278.157013
[130]  Okorhi, J.O., Omotor, D. and Aderemi, H.O. (2020) Wastes from Industrialized Nations: A Socio-Economic Inquiry on E-waste Management for the Recycling Sector in Nigeria. In: El-Din Saleh, H., Ed., Assessment and Management of Radioactive and Electronic Wastes, IntechOpen, 1-22.
[131]  Ohajinwa, C.M., Van Bodegom, P.M., Vijver, M.G., Olumide, A.O., Osibanjo, O. and Peijnenburg, W.J.G.M. (2018) Prevalence and Injury Patterns among Electronic Waste Workers in the Informal Sector in Nigeria. Injury Prevention, 24, 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042265
[132]  Mihai, F.C. (2019) Electronic Waste Management in Romania: Pathways for Sustainable Practices. In: Prasad, M.N.V., Vithanage, M. and Borthakur, A., Eds., Handbook of Elec-tronic Waste Management: International Best Practices and Case Studies, Elsevier Inc., 533-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817030-4.00024-3
[133]  Bin Hameed, H., Ali, Y. and Petrillo, A. (2020) Environmen-tal Risk Assessment of E-Waste in Developing Countries by Using the Modified-SIRA Method. Science of The Total Environ-ment, 733, Article 138525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138525
[134]  Butturi, M.A., Marinelli, S., Gamberini, R. and Rimini, B. (2020) Ecotoxicity of Plastics from Informal Waste Electric and Electronic Treatment and Recycling. Toxics, 8, Article 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8040099
[135]  Luo, P., Bao, L.J., Wu, F.C., Li, S.M. and Zeng, E.Y. (2014) Health Risk Characterization for Resident Inhalation Exposure to Particle-Bound Halogenated Flame Retardants in a Typical E-Waste Recycling Zone. Environmental Science & Technology, 48, 8815-8822. https://doi.org/10.1021/es501973d
[136]  Onwughara, I.N., Nnorom, I.C. and Kanno, O.C. (2010) Issues of Roadside Dis-posal Habit of Municipal Solid Waste, Environmental Impacts and Implementation of Sound Management Practices in De-veloping Country “Nigeria”. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 1, 409-418. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJESD.2010.V1.79
[137]  Salhofer, S. (2018) E-waste Collection and Treatment Options: A Com-parison of Approaches in Europe, China and Vietnam, In: Maletz, R., Dornack, C. and Ziyang, L., Eds., Handbook of Envi-ronmental Chemistry, Springer Verlag, 227. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_36
[138]  Alabi, R.A. and Wohlmuth, K. (2019) The Case of Sustainable Management of Waste in Germany (and Bremen) and Practical Lessons for Nigeria (and Lagos). http://www.iwim.uni-bremen.de
[139]  Ohajinwa, C.M. (2020) Environmental and Health Impacts of Informal Electronic Waste Recycling. Leiden University. http://hdl.handle.net/1887/66320
[140]  Gangwar, C., Choudhari, R., Chauhan, A., Kumar, A., Singh, A. and Tripathi, A. (2019) Assessment of Air Pollution Caused by Illegal E-Waste Burning to Evaluate the Human Health Risk. Environment International, 125, 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.051
[141]  Williams, E., Kahhat, R., Allenby, B., Kavazanjian, E., Kim, J. and Xu, M. (2008) Environmental, Social, and Economic Implications of Global Reuse and Recycling of Personal Computers. Envi-ronmental Science & Technology, 42, 6446–6454. https://doi.org/10.1021/es702255z
[142]  Ezeudu, O.B. and Ezeudu, T.S. (2019) Implementation of Circular Economy Principles in Industrial Solid Waste Management: Case Studies from a De-veloping Economy (Nigeria). Recycling, 4, Article 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling4040042
[143]  Omokaro, B.I. (2018) Moving Forward Sustainably: Material and Social Conditions of Electronic Waste Management in Nigeria, University of Jyväskylä.

Full-Text


Contact Us

[email protected]

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133




©2008-2020 OALib, Inc | Public user content licensed CC-BY 4.0 unless otherwise specified. OALib ISSN Online: 2333-9721 OALib ISSN Print: 2333-9705